Bonn, 07/08/2025
Global Temperatures
- July 2025 was the third-warmest July globally, with an average ERA5 surface air temperature of 16.68°C, 0.45°C above the 1991-2020 average for July.
- July 2025 was 0.27°C cooler than the record of July 2023, and 0.23°C cooler than July 2024, which was the second warmest.
- July 2025 was 1.25°C above the estimated 1850-1900 average used to define the pre-industrial level. It was only the fourth month in the last 25 with a global temperature less than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level.*
- The 12-month period of August 2024 – July 2025 was 0.65°C above the 1991-2020 average, and 1.53°C above the pre-industrial level.
*Datasets other than ERA5 may not confirm the 21 months above 1.5°C highlighted here, due to the relatively small margins above 1.5°C of ERA5 global temperatures observed for several months and differences among the various datasets.
Europe and other regions
- The average temperature over European land for July 2025 was 21.12°C, 1.30°C above the 1991-2020 average for July, making the month the fourth-warmest July in the record.
- Fennoscandia experienced Europe’s most pronounced above-average air temperatures, with heatwave conditions especially affecting Sweden and Finland. Southeast Europe also faced heatwaves and wildfire activity, and a national record temperature of 50.5°C occurred in Türkiye.
- Central Europe, western Russia and isolated parts of Spain experienced cooler-than-average temperatures.
- Outside Europe, temperatures were most above average across the Himalayas, China and Japan.
- Temperatures were most below average over parts of Antarctica and were also below average over North America and South America, India, most of Australia, and pockets of Africa.
Sea surface temperature
The average sea surface temperature (SST) for July 2025 over 60°S–60°N was 20.77°C, the third-highest value on record for the month, 0.12°C below the July 2023 record.
The Norwegian Sea, parts of the North Sea, and an area of the North Atlantic to the west of France and the United Kingdom had record-high SSTs in July. A broad area of the western North Atlantic and western North Pacific also experienced record-high SSTs.
Arctic sea ice extent was 10% below average, ranking joint second-lowest for July in the 47-year satellite record, virtually tied with 2012 and 2021.
Regionally, below-average sea ice concentrations were most pronounced in the Kara Sea and around Svalbard and Franz Josef Land.
Antarctic sea ice extent was 8% below average, ranking third-lowest on record for the month, a less extreme anomaly than those seen in July 2023 (-15%) and 2024 (-11%).
Antarctic sea ice showed alternating areas of above- and below-average concentrations, shaped by the positioning of high- and low-pressure systems around the continent.
In July 2025, precipitation was above average over most of central Europe, northern France, eastern UK and southern Ireland, southern Scandinavia, regions of north-eastern Europe, northern Italy and the northern Adriatic coasts, northern Iceland, eastern Spain, and western Russia.
Conversely, it was drier than average in the rest of the continent, in particular over much of Fennoscandia, Greece, the Balkans, the coasts of the Black Sea, and southern France. Many regions experienced wildfires.
July 2025 was drier than average in parts of the USA and Canada, in eastern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, central Asia, across the Tibetan Plateau, easternmost Asia and Japan, most of Australia and southern Africa, as well as much of extra-tropical South America.
Wetter-than-average conditions were observed in the eastern and south-central USA, northern Mexico, north of the Indian Subcontinent, several regions of China, and easternmost Russia. Many of these regions experienced flooding.
More information about climate variables in June and climate updates of previous months as well as high-resolution graphics can be downloadedhere.
Other useful links:Answers to frequently asked questions regarding temperature monitoring can be foundhere.
Follow near-real-time data for the globe on Climate Pulsehere.
More on trends and projections on Climate Atlashere.
Access key datasets easily with the new tool ERA Explorer Apphere.
Temperature and hydrological maps and data are from ECMWF Copernicus Climate Change Service’s ERA5 and ERA5-Land (surface soil moisture) datasets.
The findings about global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) presented here are based on SST data from ERA5 averaged over the 60°S–60°N domain. Note that ERA5 SSTs are estimates of the ocean temperature at about 10m depth (known as foundation temperature). The resultsmay differ from other SST products providing temperature estimates at different depths.
Sea ice maps and data are from a combination of information from ERA5, as well as from the EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.2.
Regional area averages quoted here are the following longitude/latitude bounds:
Globe, 180W-180E, 90S-90N, over land and ocean surfaces.
Europe, 25W-40E, 34N-72N, over land surfaces only.
Theriver flowsimulation data are calculated by the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) as part of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS).More information about the data can be foundhere.
Information on national records and impacts is based on national and regional reports. For details see the respective temperature and hydrologicalC3S climate bulletinfor the month.
C3S has followed the recommendation of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to use the most recent 30-year period for calculating climatological averages and changed to the reference period of 1991-2020 for its C3S Climate Bulletins covering January 2021 onward. Figures and graphics for both the new and previous period (1981-2010) are provided for transparency.
More information on the reference period used can be foundhere.
More information on Copernicus:www.copernicus.eu
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SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE FOR JUNE 2025
HYDROLOGICAL VARIABLES FOR JUNE 2025
SEA ICE COVER FOR JUNE 2025