Bonn, 09/07/2025
Global Temperatures
- June 2025 was the third-warmest June globally, with an average ERA5 surface air temperature of 16.46°C, 0.47°C above the 1991-2020 average for June.
- June 2025 was 0.20°C cooler than the record June of 2024, and 0.06°C cooler than June 2023, which was the second warmest.
- June 2025 was 1.30°C above the estimated 1850-1900 average used to define the pre-industrial level. It was only the third month in the last 24 with a global temperature less than 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level.*
- The 12-month period of July 2024 – June 2025 was 0.67°C above the 1991-2020 average, and 1.55°C above the pre-industrial level.
*Datasets other than ERA5 may not confirm the 21 months above 1.5°C highlighted here, due to the relatively small margins above 1.5°C of ERA5 global temperatures observed for several months and differences among the various datasets.
Europe and other regions
- The average temperature over European land for June 2025 was 18.46°C, 1.10°C above the 1991-2020 average for June, making the month the fifth-warmest June in the record.
- Most of western and central Europe experienced warmer-than-average air temperatures in June 2025. Western Europe as a whole saw its warmest June on record, with an average temperature of 20.49°C, 2.81°C above the 1991–2020 average. It narrowly surpassed (by only 0.06°C) the previous June record set in 2003 (20.43°C).
- Two major heatwaves in mid- and late June 2025 affected large parts of western and southern Europe. Much of the region saw feels-like temperatures exceeding 38°C, corresponding to ‘very strong heat stress’. Parts of Portugal saw feels-like temperatures reach around 48°C or ‘extreme heat stress’.An additional analysis of these heatwaves can be foundhere.
- Outside Europe, temperatures were most above average over the United States, northern Canada, central Asia, eastern Asia, and west Antarctica.
- Temperatures were most below average over southern South America, with record cold conditions recorded in Argentina and Chile. India and east Antarctica also had below-average temperatures.
Sea surface temperature
The average sea surface temperature (SST) for June 2025 over 60°S–60°N was 20.72°C, the third-highest value on record for the month, 0.13°C below the June 2024 record.
An exceptional marine heatwave developed in the western Mediterranean in June, leading to the highest daily SST ever recorded for the region as a whole in June (27.0°C), corresponding to the highest daily SST anomaly for any month (3.7°C above average).
In June 2025, it was drier than average in western and southern Europe, as well as much of the UK and regions of southern Scandinavia, and parts of western Russia.
Conversely, it was wetter than average in Iceland, Ireland, the northern UK, Denmark, much of Fennoscandia, the Baltic states, Belarus, and parts of Ukraine and Russia.
Conditions were predominantly drier than average in large parts of northern USA and Canada, eastern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, central Asia, easternmost China and Japan, much of Australia, southern Africa, as well as large regions of southern South America.
It was wetter than average in the southern USA and northern Mexico, northern and south-western Asia, parts of China, northern Australia, and southern Brazil.
Relative humidity averaged over European land areas reached a new record low for June, at 2.7% below average, slightly below the previous record of -2.3% set in June 2022.
Arctic sea ice extent was 6% below average, the second lowest monthly extent for June in the 47-year satellite record. During the latter part of the month, the daily extent was consistently the lowest for the time of year.
Regionally, below-average sea ice concentrations were most pronounced along the northern coast of Eurasia (Barents, Kara, and Laptev Seas).
Antarctic sea ice extent was 9% below average, ranking as 3rd lowest value on record for the month.
Antarctic sea ice concentrations were dominated by below-average concentrations in the Bellinghausen Sea and eastern South Atlantic and average or above-average concentrations in the other ocean sectors.
End -
More information about climate variables in June and climate updates of previous months as well as high-resolution graphics can be downloadedhere.
Other useful links:Answers to frequently asked questions regarding temperature monitoring can be foundhere.
Follow near-real-time data for the globe on Climate Pulsehere.
More on trends and projections on Climate Atlashere.
Access key datasets easily with the new tool ERA Explorer Apphere.
Temperature and hydrological maps and data are from ECMWF Copernicus Climate Change Service’s ERA5 and ERA5-Land (surface soil moisture) datasets.
The findings about global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) presented here are based on SST data from ERA5 averaged over the 60°S–60°N domain. Note that ERA5 SSTs are estimates of the ocean temperature at about 10m depth (known as foundation temperature). The resultsmay differ from other SST products providing temperature estimates at different depths.
Sea ice maps and data are from a combination of information from ERA5, as well as from the EUMETSAT OSI SAF Sea Ice Index v2.2.
Regional area averages quoted here are the following longitude/latitude bounds:
Globe, 180W-180E, 90S-90N, over land and ocean surfaces.
Europe, 25W-40E, 34N-72N, over land surfaces only.
Theriver flowsimulation data are calculated by the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS) as part of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS).More information about the data can be foundhere.
Information on national records and impacts is based on national and regional reports. For details see the respective temperature and hydrologicalC3S climate bulletinfor the month.
C3S has followed the recommendation of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to use the most recent 30-year period for calculating climatological averages and changed to the reference period of 1991-2020 for its C3S Climate Bulletins covering January 2021 onward. Figures and graphics for both the new and previous period (1981-2010) are provided for transparency.
More information on the reference period used can be foundhere.
More information on Copernicus:www.copernicus.eu
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SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE FOR JUNE 2025
HYDROLOGICAL VARIABLES FOR JUNE 2025
SEA ICE COVER FOR JUNE 2025